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| c. 1000 |
| | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | An increase in trade through the central Sahara benefits the Songhay, with their capital at Gao, at the expense of Mali | |
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| 1483 |
| | The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river | |
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| c. 1850 |
| | The Scottish missionary David Livingstone is profoundly shocked by what he sees of the slave trade at the heart of Africa | |
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| 1874 |
| | Stanley sets off from Bagamoyo, intending to resume the exploration of central Africa where Livingstone left off | |
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| 1876 |
| | Stanley passes Nyangwe on the Lualaba, the furthest point down the Congo river system reached by Livingstone | |
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| 1877 |
| | Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey | |
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| 1880 |
| | French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him | |
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| 1881 |
| | Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville | |
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